Soybean Vein Necrosis Disease and New Video Released

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Kiersten Wise, Daren Mueller, Iowa State, and Damon Smith, Wisconsin

Symptoms of soybean vein necrosis disease.

Symptoms of soybean vein necrosis disease.

Soybean Vein Necrosis Virus (SVNV) causes a virus disease in soybean that has been observed across the North Central U.S. in the last few years. The following video describes how to accurately diagnosis SVNV and distinguish this disease from other common soybean diseases.

Symptoms caused by this virus include light green patches or mottled green and brown speckled areas associated with veins. As symptoms progress, affected leaf tissue may die, and leaves will appear scorched.

SVNV is a virus that is vectored by tiny, winged insects called thrips. Thrips do not commonly cause economic damage to soybeans in the Midwest. Although farmers may be tempted to apply an insecticide to reduce thrips populations “just in case,” at this point in time we do not recommend insecticide applications in response to detection of SVNV since we don’t know what, if any, effect disease may have on yield. For now, we will continue to keep an eye on this disease, and assess its potential impact so that we can make more informed future management recommendations.

Check out some videos on SVNV at the links below:

New Multi-State Video – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMtyO8DIiEI

UW Extension Video – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2diQwO0Was

Stem Canker Prevalent in Wisconsin Soybean Fields

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Damon L. Smith – Extension Field Crops Pathologist, University of Wisconsin

Figure 1. Northern stem canker lesion on soybean main stem

Figure 1. Northern stem canker lesion on soybean main stem

While traveling to soybean fields around Wisconsin this past week, we have noticed quite a bit of stem canker showing up. The UW Disease Diagnostic Clinic has also received several samples of soybean in which the disease has been confirmed.

Stem Canker Pathogens

There are actually two different types of stem canker caused by related, but different fungi. The fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora causes northern stem canker, while southern stem canker is caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis. These two pathogens are part of the larger Diaporthe-Phomopsis complex, which consists of Phomopsis seed decay, pod and stem blight, and stem canker. In Wisconsin, northern stem canker is the most common stem canker disease, however, southern stem canker has been found.

What Conditions Favor Northern Stem Canker?

Cool, wet conditions in the spring and early summer favor infection by the northern stem canker fungus. The symptoms of the disease become apparent later in the season. Considering the cool and rainy weather that has been prevalent over much of the state this season, it isn’t surprising that northern stem canker is prevalent.

What Does Northern Stem Canker Look Like?

Figure 2. Patches of soybean plants killed by stem canker.

Figure 2. Patches of soybean plants killed by stem canker.

Initially symptoms of northern stem canker appear as small reddish-brown lesions near nodes. As lesions expand, they can become more brown or gray, but the red border will remain. Eventually lesions of northern stem canker will get large enough to girdle the stems (Fig. 1) and may be confused with Phytophthora root and stem rot. The best way to tell these two diseases apart is to look for the location of the lesion.  Generally with northern stem canker, lesions begin at nodes away from the soil line on the main stem and move upward. Phytophthora stem lesions will progress upward from the soil line. Northern stem canker can also occur in patches and damage plants in wide swaths (Fig 2). Northern stem canker can also be confused with white mold when diagnosing above the canopy. Because the lesions can girdle stems, leaf flagging and death can resemble that of white mold damage. Therefore, careful scouting and inspection of the lower canopy and stems in necessary to tell the difference between white mold and northern stem canker.

Management of Northern Stem Canker

Spores of the stem canker pathogen originate mostly from soybean debris from the previous crop. Therefore, severity of northern stem canker can be higher in fields with minimal tillage. Burying debris can help reduce the severity of the disease. Stem canker can also be more prevalent in fields with high fertility and high organic matter.  Stem canker-resistant varieties are also available. Choose varieties with the highest resistance rating possible within the appropriate maturity group for your area. Soybeans rotated with alfalfa may also have a higher incidence of the disease, because alfalfa is an alternate host of Diaporthe. Fungicide application is not recommended for this disease.

Wisconsin Corn and Soybean Disease Update – August 21, 2014

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Damon L. Smith – Extension Field Crops Pathologist, University of Wisconsin

Figure 1. IPM Pipe Southern Corn Rust Advisory for August 21, 2014.

Figure 1. IPM Pipe Southern Corn Rust Advisory for August 21, 2014.

I have spent the last several days rating and scouting corn and soybeans in the southern tier of Wisconsin. There are a few active diseases out there to keep track of.

Field Corn

In field corn we have found a few fields with low levels of northern corn leaf blight (NCLB). Levels of NCLB seem to be a bit higher in southwestern Wisconsin. Severity on lower leaves in field corn was in the 10 – 15% range, with no damage apparent on ear leaves. Around the Arlington, WI area, NCLB is very limited with only a few lesions evident every 100 ft. or so.

Eyespot is becoming more evident in field corn.  In fields with corn debris from a previous crop, the severity levels are in the 25-30% range on lower leaves and 10-15% on ear leaves.

Low levels of common rust (less than 5%) can also be found on some field corn hybrids in Southern Wisconsin.

Southern rust has been reported as far north as east-central Nebraska. The southern rust epidemic is being monitored closely in the Midwest. No southern rust has been found or reported in Wisconsin (Fig. 1).

For more information about corn diseases in Wisconsin, see my previous article by clicking here.

Sweet Corn

Several fields with severe epidemics of NCLB on sweet corn have been reported.  These were late-planted fields. Sweet corn is generally more susceptible to NCLB than field corn. Common rust and eyespot can also be found at varying levels on sweet corn in the central and southern portion of Wisconsin.

In research plots at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station, sweet corn planted on June 25th is beginning to tassel. Levels of NCLB are currently low in this field, but common rust is increasing rapidly. Some leaves have 20-25% severity. Any late-planted and/or susceptible varieties of sweet corn should be monitored closely for foliar disease and any decision to spray fungicide should be made by the tasseling/R1 growth stage.

Soybean

The most widespread disease on soybean that we have observed is Septoria brown spot.  Overall levels of Septoria brown spot are low, and can mostly only be found on lower leaves, which is typical for this disease. In many cases a fungicide specifically for this disease is not warranted in Wisconsin, unless there are factors that might lead to increased levels of severity, including continuous soybean rotation, very susceptible varieties, or extremely conducive weather. Most soybean fields are past the R3 growth stage , when a fungicide application might be beneficial for control of foliar diseases. However, this disease should be monitored in fields that were planted late.

Downy mildew has also been observed on soybean in various areas from central to southern Wisconsin. Fungicide application for control of this disease has not proven beneficial in university research trials. Therefore, fungicide application is not recommended for this disease under most circumstances. In soybean fields that are irrigated, the frequency between irrigation events should be lengthened in order to reduce the levels of downy mildew. Warmer, dry weather will also further reduce the level of downy mildew.

Figure 2. Damage from white mold in a soybean field under irrigation.

Figure 2. Damage from white mold in a soybean field under irrigation.

Active white mold has been found in fields in the central and southern portions of Wisconsin. Severity levels vary greatly depending on the fields and level of previous infestation by the white mold fungus. We have observed levels ranging from a few plants in spotty areas of a field to widespread damage with plant mortality across the entire field. The latter case was in a field with a history of white mold and frequent overhead irrigation (Figure 2). Application of fungicide for control of white mold is not recommended after the R3 growth stage. However, fields should be scouted and damage noted to facilitate future planting and management decision in that field. Fields with white mold should be harvested after fields that do not have white mold. The black survival structures (sclerotia; resemble rat droppings) of the white mold fungus can be easily spread on combines from one field to the next. If harvesting white mold infested fields last is not feasible, care should be taken to thoroughly clean combine mechanisms where soybean trash and debris can be trapped, between fields. For more information about white mold and management of the disease, click here.  To watch a short video about white mold you can click here.

Other diseases such as brown stem rot, sudden death syndrome, and stem canker have been found at extremely low levels in soybean fields in Wisconsin this season. This situation should be monitored closely as soybeans approach the R6 and R7 growth stages. These two diseases may become more apparent at that time. Again, good record keeping of where these diseases are found can facilitate future management decisions for those fields.

Alfalfa mosaic virus on Soybean in Wisconsin

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Damon Smith, Extension Field Crops Pathologist, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Figure 1. Alfalfa mosaic virus symptoms on soybean leaves in the field.

Figure 1. Alfalfa mosaic virus symptoms on soybean leaves in the field.

Calls, photos, and plant samples have been coming in over the last week (8/1/2014) pertaining to soybeans exhibiting abnormal growth and varying degrees of leaf mosaic (interwoven green and yellow areas).  These symptoms are indicative of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) on soybean.

Alfalfa mosaic virus

Alfalfa mosaic virus is transmitted in low levels in soybean seed (Tolin, 1999).  Aphids transmit AMV.  Symptoms of AMV can vary from localized dead lesions on leaflets (Fig. 1), to large areas of yellowing (Fig. 2).  Plants can also be stunted and produce few pods. In Wisconsin, research has shown that yield reductions can can occur as a result of AMV. However, in those studies, only AMV incidence levels of 30% or greater resulted in yield loss (Mueller and Grau, 2007).

Figure 2. Severe symptoms of Alfalfa mosaic virus on soybean leaflets.

Figure 2. Severe symptoms of Alfalfa mosaic virus on soybean leaflets.

When trying to scout or diagnose a field with AMV consider the incidence (number of plants exhibiting symptoms) level of the symptomatic plants. Giesler and Ziems (2006) conducted a survey of AMV, BPMV, and SMV in Nebraska in 2001 and 2002.  In that survey it was possible to find an occasional field with incidence of these viruses as high as 90-100%.  However, the majority of fields that tested positive for one or more of these viruses, had incidence levels of 50% or less.  High incidence levels (>50%) are considered unusual for AMV in commercial soybean fields.  Therefore, incidence of leaf cupping or other abnormal leaf growth at incidence levels of 90% or 100% are more likely suggestive of an abiotic disorder, such as herbicide injury.

Co-infection of soybean by AMV and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) can also occur (Malapi-Nelson et la., 2009). Co-infection can make symptoms of AMV much more severe. In cases where severely infected plants are identified with AMV, tests of SMV may also result in confirmation of that aphid-transmitted virus too.

How is the AMV Spread?

AMV is transmitted by mechanical wounding and also by aphids (several species, not just soybean aphid). AMV can also be transmitted at low levels in soybean seed.

Management

No in-season management is recommended. Spraying insecticides to control aphids in order to reduce virus transmission has shown to be unsuccessful. One reason for this is that many species of aphids can move into a soybean field and transmit the virus. The best solution for managing AMV (and also SMV) is to choose a soybean variety with the best resistance to AMV and SMV you can find in your area. Remember, spraying aphids below threshold with an insecticide will only control the vector and won’t solve your virus problem.

To learn more about AMV and SMV click here.

References

Giesler, L. J., and Ziems, A. D. 2006. Incidence of Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bean pod mottle virus, and Soybean mosaic virus in Nebraska soybean fields. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2006-0424-01-HM.

Malapi-Nelson, M., Wen, R.-H, Ownley, B.H., and Hajimorad, M.R. 2009. Co-infection of soybean with soybean mosaic virus and alfalfa mosaic virus results in disease synergism and alteration in accumulation level of both viruses. Plant Dis. 93:1259-1264.

Mueller, E.E. and Grau, C.R. 2007. Seasonal progression, symptom development, and yield effect of Alfalfa mosaic virus epidemics on soybean in Wisconsin. Plant Dis. 91:266-272.

Tolin, S.A.  1999.  Alfalfa Mosaic. In: Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th Edition.  G.L. Hartman, J.B. Sinclair, and J.C. Rupe, eds.  APS Press.

Wisconsin Soybean Phytophthora Root Rot Survey Update

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Phytophthora Root Rot of Soybean

Phytophthora Root Rot of Soybean

Anette Phibbs, Plant Pathologist with the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, reports that the 2014 survey of early vegetative soybeans shows high levels of Phytophthora root rot disease caused by Phytophthora sojae. Nearly half of soybean fields sampled from June 6 to July 16 in 35 surveyed counties were infected with this fungus-like pathogen. Lab testing of root samples showed 26 out of 53 (49%) fields tested positive for P. sojae. Fields that tested positive were found in the following 15 counties: Barron, Clark, Dane, Green, Jefferson, Kenosha, Lafayette, Manitowoc, Marathon, Ozaukee, Rock, Sheboygan, St. Croix, Walworth, Winnebago.  Counties were the problem was not encountered should not expect to be free from the disease. This is the highest prevalence of soybean root rot since the start of this survey in 2008. During the flood prone spring of 2010 the pest survey team found 38% of fields infected. This high prevalence of Phytophthora root rot throughout the surveyed area is no doubt due to heavy rainfalls causing saturated soils and relatively low temperatures this spring which have been very conducive to this water mold. A relatively new Phytophthora species, P. sansomeana, was detected in soybean roots in Calumet, Dunn and Eau Claire Counties. This pathogen was first detected in Wisconsin soybeans in 2012 in Jefferson, Marathon and Sheboygan counties; again in 2013 in Dane, Green, Outagamie and Sheboygan counties. Research into P. sansomeana’s potential effect on soybean and corn are ongoing.

For more about Phytopthora root rot of soybean, visit an informational webpage by clicking here and scrolling down to “Phytophthora Stem and Root Rot” or download a UWEX fact sheet by clicking here. Specific questions can be directed to Damon L. Smith, Field Crops Extension Pathologist, University of Wisconsin-Madison at dlsmith26@wisc.edu.

Cercospora Leaf Blight and Purple Seed Stain of Soybean

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Damon L. Smith, Extension Field Crops Pathologist, University of Wisconsin

Over the last several weeks, soybean samples have been coming into the Plant Disease Diagnostic Lab with symptoms of Cercospora leaf blight (CLB).  I have also received numerous questions about the disease and have observed CLB in several soybean fields around the state.

Figure 1: Bronzing of soybean leaves caused by Cercospora leaf blight

Figure 1: Bronzing of soybean leaves caused by Cercospora leaf blight

What does Cercospora leaf blight look like? Symptoms of CLB often appear during the reproductive phase of soybeans, but can appear earlier if conditions are conducive. Typically the upper leaves of the plant that are exposed to the highest levels of sunlight will show symptoms. These symptoms include a bronze (Fig. 1) to purple (Fig. 2) blotchy appearance on the leaves. Subsequent angular lesions can manifest on the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Lesions can grow together causing leaf death and defoliation under severe cases. The fungus that causes this damage is Cercospora kikuchii, which is the same fungus that causes purple seed stain of soybean (Fig. 3). Heavily infected seed can cause seedling blight and reduce stands. Less severely infected seed can survive but may be stunted or show reduced vigor. Typically in Wisconsin, damage by CLB is often not severe. Leaf discoloration is the typical symptom and defoliation is usually limited. However, frequent scouting during the early reproductive phase of soybean can help with monitoring the severity of CLB during seed set.

Figure 2: Purpling of a soybean leaf caused by Cercospora leaf blight

Figure 2: Purpling of a soybean leaf caused by Cercospora leaf blight

How does Cercospora leaf blight spread? Primary inoculum can come from infected seeds or from old soybean debris on the soil surface.  Infections are favored by humid conditions that result in heavy dew events. Warmer air temperatures (at or above 82 F) favor conidial formation and dispersal, which can result in secondary infection. Incidence of the seed stain phase of disease has been correlated with higher levels of spore dispersal during the season.

How should Cercospora leaf blight be managed? Soybean cultivars vary in their resistance to CLB. In fields were CLB has been a problem, cultivars with resistance should be chosen. Residue management is also important. Fields with short rotations and/or reduced tillage can have higher levels of CLB. Good quality seed should also be planted.  Seed lots with high levels of purple seed stain should be avoided. Some recent data suggests that the severity of CLB might be reduced by the use of a foliar fungicide in fields with high

Figure 3: Purple seed stain caused by Cercospora kikuchii

Figure 3: Purple seed stain caused by Cercospora kikuchii

incidence of disease. For information on efficacy of products for CLB click here. Note that many products are labeled as just “fair” and no product was rated “good” for CLB. Therefore, a CLB management plan SHOULD NOT focus solely on foliar fungicide use, but should use an integrated management approach. In addition, severity from CLB in Wisconsin will often not be high enough to justify fungicide treatment. Scout carefully!

Reference

Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th Edition. G.L. Hartman, S.B. Sinclair, and J.C. Rupe, eds. APS Press.

Managing White Mold in Soybean

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Wilting and plant death as a result of Sclerotinia stem rot. Photo Credit: Craig Grau.

Wilting and plant death as a result of Sclerotinia stem rot. Photo Credit: Craig Grau.

Damon Smith, Extension Field Crops Pathologist, University of Wisconsin

Kiersten Wise, Extension Specialist for Field Crop Diseases, Purdue University

Martin Chilvers, Extension Field Crops Pathologist, Michigan State University

Carl Bradley, Extension Plant Pathologist, University of Illinois

Daren Mueller, Extension Plant Pathologist, Iowa State University

Farmers in the Great Lakes area of the U.S. may be concerned about white mold (also called Sclerotinia stem rot) in soybean this year. The disease, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is not common every year in in the Great Lakes region, but farmers that have battled the disease in the past will want to assess the risk of white mold development as soybeans approach flowering (growth stage R1 – plants have at least one open flower at any node).

White mold development is favored by cool, cloudy, wet, humid weather at flowering. The disease is more problematic in soybeans in high-yield environments where high plant populations, narrow row spacing, and an early-closing canopy are commonly used. No single management strategy is 100% effective at eliminating white mold, and in-season options for at-risk fields are limited. For more information on white mold, the disease cycle, and additional management options click here and scroll down to “White Mold.”

There are fungicides available for in-season management of white mold, however not all commonly used fungicides are labeled for use against white mold in soybean. For information on which fungicides are labeled for disease control and recommendations on fungicide efficacy, please click here. Fungicide recommendations are developed by the NCERA-137 national soybean disease committee, and recommendations are based on replicated research data collected from University trials.

In Wisconsin in 2013 numerous products were evaluated for white mold control in soybean. Results of this trial can be viewed by clicking here and scrolling down to pages 6 and 7. Consistent with results of the NCERA-137 research, our Wisconsin research identified several products having a rating of ‘good’ for white mold management, including Aproach, Endura, and Proline. If using fungicides for white mold management, keep in mind that efficacy may be based on the ability of the fungicide to penetrate into the canopy, and the timing of the fungicide application. Fungicides will be most effective at reducing the impact of white mold when applied at, or close to, growth stage R1. Wisconsin research data indicates that fungicides applied up to growth stage R3 (early pod – pods are 3/16-inch long at one of the four uppermost nodes) may be effective, but later applications will likely not be effective at reducing disease. Once symptoms of white mold are evident, fungicides will have no effect on reducing the disease. Fungicide applications for white mold management may be most useful on fields where varieties rated as susceptible to white mold are planted in a field with a history of the disease.

If a soybean field is diagnosed with high levels of white mold, this field should be harvested last. This will help reduce the movement of the survival structures of the white mold fungus by harvesting equipment, to fields that are not infested. Also, be sure to clean all harvesting equipment thoroughly at the end of the season to avoid inadvertent infestation of fields. Rotations of 2-3 years between soybean crops can help reduce the level of the fungus causing white mold in fields. Using corn or small grains crops such as wheat, barley, or oats in rotation with soybean is recommended.

There are several resources available to help farmers and agribusiness personnel manage white mold. Extension plant pathologists across the North Central Region have developed a useful resource in collaboration with the North Central Soybean Research Program to describe the disease and optimal management strategies. This resource, along with downloadable fact sheets, can be found here.

This group also developed a podcast series to facilitate learning about white mold on-the-go.  This series can be accessed by clicking here.

There is also a University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension video that shows symptoms of white mold and discusses management options for the disease.  The video can be found on YouTube by clicking here. 

Phytophthora Root Rot of Soybean Confirmed in Several Wisconsin Counties

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Anette Phibbs, Plant Pathologist with the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, reports that preliminary results of the DATCP soybean survey show a lot of root rot disease (Phytophthora sojae) presently active in the state. From June 6 to 25, the pest survey team sampled 19 fields in 13 counties. Soybeans were in the early vegetative states. Lab testing of roots showed 11 out 19 (58%) fields tested positive for P. sojae. The counties surveyed so far are Iowa, Walworth, Kenosha, Lafayette, Grant, Green, Dodge, Ozaukee, Sheboygan Marquette, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, and Dane. Counties with root rot finds are in bold print. This high prevalence of Phytophthora root rot throughout the surveyed area is no doubt due to heavy rainfalls causing saturated soils and relatively low temperatures this spring which have been very conducive to this water mold. Counties were the problem was not encountered should not expect to be free from the disease. The survey will continue until 50 fields in all soybean growing areas have been sampled.

For more about Phytopthora root rot of soybean, visit an informational webpage by clicking here and scrolling down to “Phytophthora Stem and Root Rot” or download a UWEX fact sheet by clicking here.

Wisconsin Soybean Disease Update – June 19, 2014

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Damon L. Smith – Extension Field Crops Pathologist, University of Wisconsin

Soybean planting has finally finished up for our research program.  We planted our last, late planting date trial this week.  Soybeans around the state have emerged and are at the VC or early V1 stage.  Several diseases have been noted already this year in soybeans.

Figure 1. Septoria brown spot on a soybean seedling.

Figure 1. Septoria brown spot on a soybean seedling.

With all of the rain we have been seeing early symptoms of Septoria brown spot (Fig. 1).  This is a common disease of soybean in Wisconsin and is caused by the fungus Septoria glycines.  While scouting a field near Fond du Lac this week, we observed the characteristic purple-brown lesions (Fig. 2) caused by this fungus, on the unifoliate leaves of soybean plants.  This isn’t unusual considering the moderate temperatures and frequent heavy rain.  The spores of this fungus are typically rain splashed from old soybean debris, to the growing plants.  Septoria brown spot is usually not considered a yield limiting disease, but in certain cases, it has been attributed to significant yield loss.  This is usually the case where a susceptible variety is grown in a location conducive to the disease and rain is frequent and heavy.  In a situation like this, fungicides might be required during the reproductive phase of growth to preserve yield. However, most of the time, Septoria brown spot is observed early in the season and again late in the season during periods of heavy rainfall and does not affect yield.  I suspect, once the rain subsides a bit, this disease will also subside.  However, growers and consultants should keep an eye on it just in case it does not.  To learn more about Septoria brown spot, visit the brown spot information page by clicking here.

Figure 2. Purple-brown lesions characteristic of early Septoria brown spot symptoms.

Figure 2. Purple-brown lesions characteristic of early Septoria brown spot symptoms.

Reports of seedling diseases are also starting to roll in as a result of the very wet conditions and frequent rainfall.  Pythium damping off and root rot is a likely culprit in many of these fields. Cool wet soil conditions at planting and during seedling emergence favor this disease.  There are many species of Pythium that can infect soybean and soybean pathologists are currently conducting a study to identify these species.  An informative pocket guide has been developed.  You can download a PDF version of the pocket guide by clicking here.  You will note that management focuses on adjusting planting date and using seed treatments to protect against infection by Pythium species. Foliar fungicide application is NOT recommended for this disease.

Other seed and seedling diseases might also be plaguing soybeans with all of the wet weather.  Other pathogens include Rhizoctonia and Phytopthora.  To learn more about other seed and seedling issue of soybean in Wisconsin, click here and scroll down to “seedling diseases.” You will find helpful resources pertaining to many of the common seedling issues.  Also for specific information on Phytopthora root and stem rot of soybean, you can download a UWEX fact sheet by clicking here.

Growers and consultants should scout soybeans for disease frequently during this cool wet weather.  Hopefully the rain will subside soon.  Some dry weather will help slow down the advancement of many soybean diseases.

Soybean Disease Considerations for Planting into Cool, Wet Soils

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2014 Soybean Research Plot Planting

2014 Soybean Research Plot Planting

Damon L. Smith – Extension Field Crops Pathologist, University of Wisconsin

The 2014 soybean planting season has been painfully slow this season in Wisconsin.  In our research trials we have managed to plant at a couple locations, but the majority of our soybean plots have not been planted.  Looking at the forecast for the next several days, I suspect we will be further delayed.

To add further insult to injury, are the cool and wet soil conditions.  Even if we do manage to plant some plots in the next few days, the soil temperatures remain in the lower 50 degree Fahrenheit range in the southern part of the state, and likely cooler as we move north.  All of the rain is also keeping the soil very wet.  These conditions are very conducive for various seed and seedling diseases of soybean.

Last season I wrote a Wisconsin Crop Manager Article about this topic. Rather than recap that article, you can visit it directly by clicking here. In the article I talk about some likely diseases of soybean under these conditions. I also direct you to some helpful links about seed treatments and resistance genes for Phytophthora management.

We also recently developed a fact sheet on Phytophthora Root and Stem Rot of Soybean that might also be helpful.  This fact sheet can be downloaded by clicking here.

Heres to hoping we can all plant soybeans soon!