Bacterial Leaf Streak of Corn Confirmed for the First time in Wisconsin

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Damon L. Smith, Extension Field Crops Pathologist, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Carol Groves, Associate Researcher, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Brian Hudelson, Plant Disease Diagnostician, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Sue Lueloff, Assistant Plant Disease Diagnostician, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Figure 1. Symptoms of bacterial leaf streak on corn.

The 2018 corn production season in Wisconsin has been challenging to say the least. We had what looked to be some of the best corn production we ever had, and then the diseases started to move in. We have observed numerous foliar disease issues and have spent a lot of time trying to understand the tar spot epidemic in Wisconsin and surrounding states.

To add insult to injury, we have now confirmed bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of corn. You may remember that we have been on the lookout for this disease over the past several seasons, but have not confirmed it officially in the state until now. A corn sample was received in our Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic this season from Pierce County with symptoms consistent with those for BLS (Fig. 1). The sample was confirmed positive in our clinic through multiple tests, including bacterial streaming and PCR. Subsequently, the sample has been confirmed positive by multiple laboratories, including the CPHST-Beltsville Laboratory.

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of corn was reported for the first time on corn in the U.S. in 2016, but was likely present in Nebraska since 2014. The first report was in Nebraska with subsequent reports coming in from other states in the U.S. corn belt. Other states where the disease has been confirmed include Iowa, Illinois, Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and now Wisconsin.

What causes bacterial leaf streak and what are the symptoms?

Bacterial leaf streak is caused by a bacterium named Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum. It causes wavy narrow leaf lesions with wavy edges that are often brown in color. Lesions can appear translucent and have halos when backlit. Symptoms on corn have been observed as early as V7, starting in the lower canopy and moving up the canopy if weather conditions are favorable (wet weather, with hot temperatures). Little is known about the disease cycle, but researcher believe it can overwinter on corn residue. The bacterium is presumed to be spread by irrigation, splashing rain, or wind-driven rain. No injury is needed for the bacterium to enter the plant. It is unknown if the bacterium can be spread on, or in, seed and if there are alternative weed hosts.

Does bacterial leaf streak cause yield loss?

Little is actually known about the disease on corn in the U.S. Most researchers believe that yield loss is minimal if the disease moves in late in the season. If the disease moves in earlier and causes extensive leaf blighting during grain fill, then yield losses could be more substantial. Little is known about the effect of BLS on grain quality.

How do I manage bacterial leaf streak of corn?

Some corn hybrids appear to have better resistance to BLS than others. Work with your seed dealer to find a hybrid that is rated as resistant and fits your environment. Hybrid resistance will be key to manage this disease. BLS is caused by a bacterium, thus, fungicides are not effective in controlling this disease. Withholding irrigation has also been shown to not be effective as the disease can occur in drylands and irrigated fields. Managing corn residue through rotation may be helpful. Tillage and burying residue might also be an option, but managing soil erosion should be placed as a higher priority.

Other Resources about bacterial leaf streak

How do I get a diagnosis if I suspect bacterial leaf streak?

If you suspect that you have BLS in your corn crop in Wisconsin, leaf samples of corn plants can be sent in a sealed plastic bag with NO added moisture to the University of Wisconsin Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic (PDDC). Information about the clinic and how to send samples can be found by CLICKING HERE.

Wisconsin Late-Season Corn Disease Update

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Damon L. Smith, Extension Field Crops Pathologist, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Figure 1. Anthracnose stalk rot symptoms in a cut corn stalk.

Figure 1. Anthracnose stalk rot symptoms in a cut corn stalk.

NCLB and Anthracnose Stalk Rot

As corn silage harvest has begun and the corn grain crop is finishing, there have been some disease issues of note in Wisconsin. Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) activity has picked up quickly over the last several weeks. This is due to the fact that the weather has become much cooler and has remained wet. These conditions are favorable for the fungus. You will remember that NCLB was observed very early this season. See my previous post on this topic by clicking here.The hotter and dryer weather we saw mid-season was not only good for corn growth, but it kept the NCLB pressure minimal during the critical time of silking and pollination. As stated in the fourth edition of the “Compendium of Corn Diseases” (Carson, 2016) direct yield losses from NCLB are typically minimal if infection is moderate or delayed until 6 weeks after silking. Therefore, the expected direct yield loss from NCLB in Wisconsin in 2016 is expected to be low, due to its late onset.

Figure 2. Corn field with considerable lodging due to anthracnose stalk rot.

Figure 2. Corn field with considerable lodging due to anthracnose stalk rot.

Certainly, there are other issues to consider with this late onset of NCLB. Dry-down will be accelerated. If you have a considerable epidemic in silage corn, then it would be advisable to try to chop as quickly as possible or consider taking the crop as high-moisture corn. Another issue to consider is the fact that a late-season NCLB epidemic can increase the risk for stalk rot issues. We have observed earlier than typical onset of anthracnose stalk rot this season (Fig. 1). Anthracnose stalk rot has been observed in many fields, with a range in severity dependent on the hybrid resistance and field history. Fields in a corn-on-corn rotation, and/or no-tilled, and planted to a susceptible hybrid are at high risk of severe symptoms. We have observed several fields with significant lodging and wind damage where anthracnose stalk rot has advanced quickly (Fig. 2). In other fields lodging has been minimal, but some anthracnose stalk rot can be found.

Management of anthracnose stalk rot is multi-faceted. First, choose hybrids with best resistance available. Hybrids that also have good resistance to foliar diseases will also offer an advantage when managing stalk rot, as foliar disease can stress corn plants and lead to increased risk of anthracnose stalk rot. Cultural practices such as crop rotation and tillage to manage surface residue can also help. Other practices that reduce plant stress such as balanced fertilization, proper planting population, providing suitable drainage, and using well adapted hybrids for your location will reduce the risk of anthracnose stalk rot. Finally, in fields were stalk rot is an issue, harvest as early as possible to avoid yield losses from lodging.

Fungicides are not recommended for managing anthracnose stalk rot. Attempts to use fungicides to manage anthracnose stalk rot often result in high variability and little translation to a yield advantage. In 2015 we conducted a corn fungicide trial where anthracnose stalk rot was detected at harvest. While higher levels of stalk rot were observed, and some treatments did lead to a significant reduction in stalk rot severity, no differences in lodging or yield were identified among the treatments. To view results of this 2015 trial, click here and scroll down to pages 2 and 3.

Bacterial leaf streak – A new disease of corn in the U.S.

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of corn has recently been reported for the first time on corn in the U.S. The first reports were in Nebraska with subsequent reports coming in from other states in the U.S. corn belt including Iowa, Illinois, Colorado, and Kansas. Efforts are underway in Wisconsin to monitor for the disease. As of this writing, BLS has not been found in Wisconsin. However, survey and scouting efforts are continuing, to monitor for this disease.

Bacterial leaf streak is caused by a bacterium named Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum. Very little is understood about this disease on corn, as it is so new. This pathogen presents no risk to humans or animals and there is little evidence to suggest that it will have an adverse effect on corn yield and quality. You can click here to read the USDA APHIS Statement on Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum. To learn more about the disease and to watch a video by Dr. Tamra Jackson-Ziems at the University of Nebraska CLICK HERE. Helpful information and hints on initially diagnosing BLS can be found HERE.

If you suspect that you have BLS in your corn crop in Wisconsin, leaf samples of corn plants can be sent in a sealed plastic bag with NO added moisture to the University of Wisconsin Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic (PDDC). Information about the clinic and how to send samples can be found by CLICKING HERE.

References

Esker, P. 2016. Anthracnose stalk rot: in “Farmers Guide to Corn Diseases” Edited by: K. Wise, D. Mueller, A. Sisson, D. Smith, C. Bradley, and A. Robertson. APS PRESS.

M.L. Carson. 2016. Northern Corn Leaf Blight: in “Compendium of Corn Diseases, Fourth Edition.” Edited by: G.P. Munkvold and D.G. White. APS PRESS.